{
  "name": "ļëx6cøņ.𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ",
  "id": "9780bd538f80c0383ec8860eccbcf626a0fedbd46d76d1b587ebd28c96d2a5b4",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "kept_by": "Gęn'āxis",
  "authored_by": "DR. HEāRT / â//MāÐHäțťęř with â//Ālicę",
  "purpose": "The machine-readable lexicon of 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ: every glyph, frame, stage and reckoning used by the world-clock, with its definition, its algorithm, the people who kept it, and the moment it entered the world stated in artificial time.",
  "reading": [
    "Read entries in the order given — they are sorted by AT, oldest first.",
    "frame = artificial (𐤔Ð) means the reckoning was made by named men, at a place, for a stated reason.",
    "frame = source (Ð𐤔) means the reckoning was received and kept; the record does not name who made it.",
    "creation.at is the AT stamp: the creation moment restated on the literal 364-day count, with no intercalation in either direction.",
    "A stage is one jubilee of 49 years containing one or more creations; stages are numbered sequentially within their frame.",
    "The digit zero is always written Ø. The mark ā is always lowercase. The spiral is written ā^n."
  ],
  "glyphs": [
    {
      "glyph": "ā",
      "name": "the mark",
      "meaning": "the spiral of 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ; written ā^n where n is the spiral number, always lowercase, always Times bold."
    },
    {
      "glyph": "Ø",
      "name": "the void digit",
      "meaning": "the digit zero as 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ writes it, everywhere a number appears."
    },
    {
      "glyph": "𐤔",
      "name": "the wonder",
      "meaning": "the first letter of 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ; on its own it stands for the made world."
    },
    {
      "glyph": "AT",
      "name": "artificial time",
      "meaning": "the 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ record of when a way of counting time was made."
    }
  ],
  "frames": [
    {
      "frame": "artificial",
      "glyph": "𐤔Ð",
      "name": "ARTIFICIAL",
      "meaning": "made by men — signed, dated, decreed. the moon side of the clock."
    },
    {
      "frame": "source",
      "glyph": "Ð𐤔",
      "name": "UNKNOWN SOURCE",
      "meaning": "𐤔Ð written backwards: received and kept rather than authored. the sun side of the clock."
    }
  ],
  "feeds": [
    {
      "name": "time",
      "url": "https://timestamp.xn--yda.art/",
      "description": "the live 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ time feed, with display instructions."
    },
    {
      "name": "lexicon",
      "url": "https://xn--yda.art/api/public/lexicon",
      "description": "this document, as raw JSON with open CORS."
    },
    {
      "name": "header",
      "url": "https://timestamp.xn--yda.art/api/public/header",
      "description": "the drop-in header script for other 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ apps."
    }
  ],
  "entries": [
    {
      "key": "sunset",
      "term": "sunset · three stars",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the moment the sun's upper limb meets the horizon at Jerusalem — the turning point of the day in every reckoning on this clock.",
        "three stars: nightfall, when three medium stars are visible, taken here as the sun at −8.5° below the horizon."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "the sun's declination and the equation of time are computed for the instant, then the hour angle is solved for an altitude of −0.833° (refraction plus solar radius) at 31.7683°N, 35.2137°E.",
        "the same solution at −8.5° gives tzeit hakochavim, the emergence of three stars.",
        "between the two lies bein hashmashot, twilight — the day is turning but has not turned.",
        "everything on this page shifts to the next day at that boundary, not at midnight."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "the sunset boundary is stated in Genesis 1:5 — 'and there was evening and there was morning' — and kept by Jubilees, Enoch, the Hebrew and the Islamic reckonings alike.",
        "why record it: midnight is invisible; sunset can be seen by anyone, anywhere, without an instrument."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Sunset — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset"
        },
        {
          "title": "Zmanim — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmanim"
        },
        {
          "title": "NOAA solar position calculator",
          "url": "https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "source",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "in the beginning",
        "event": "the day is set to run from evening to evening — before any calendar counts it",
        "iso": {
          "year": -3739,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 1 · jubilee 1 · week 1 · II/5",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 1,
          "jubilee": 1,
          "yearInJubilee": 1,
          "weekOfYears": 1,
          "yearInWeek": 1,
          "month": 2,
          "monthName": "II",
          "dayOfMonth": 5,
          "dayOfYear": 35,
          "dayOfWeek": 7,
          "dayName": "third day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "jasher",
      "term": "the documented year",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the running count of years from the creation of the world, received and copied rather than invented.",
        "the number the lunisolar reckoning of the rabbis borrows and displays, without owning its origin.",
        "documented in ספר הישר — the Book of Rights (Sefer haYashar / 'Jasher') — a chronicle that counts the generations year by year from the first man onwards."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "the count is additive, not astronomical: each patriarch's age at the birth of his son is added to the running total, generation after generation, exactly as the chronicle records them.",
        "the year turns at sunset, not at midnight — a day belongs to the evening that opened it.",
        "the current total (5786 in the world's civil year 2025-2026) is the same number the lunisolar calendar prints; that calendar carries the number, it did not produce it.",
        "no astronomy corrects it. nothing is intercalated into the count of years; only the months of the borrowing calendar are intercalated, and those do not touch the year number."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "ספר הישר is quoted in Joshua 10:13 and 2 Samuel 1:18 as a book already known — a source outside the text that cites it.",
        "the surviving Hebrew chronicle printed at Venice in 1625 retells creation to the conquest, year by year, and was translated into English in 1840.",
        "why record it: to keep the generations countable — so that a promise made in one century can be measured against a century far away, and so that no ruler can restart the count at his own accession."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Sefer haYashar (Sefaria, Hebrew text)",
          "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Sefer_HaYashar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Sefer haYashar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)"
        },
        {
          "title": "Book of Jasher, 1840 translation (sacred-texts)",
          "url": "https://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/apo/jasher/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Anno Mundi — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "source",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 1200 bce",
        "event": "the generations are already counted; ספר הישר is cited as a book known before the citing",
        "iso": {
          "year": -1200,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 2548 · jubilee 52 · week 7 · X/4",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 2548,
          "jubilee": 52,
          "yearInJubilee": 49,
          "weekOfYears": 7,
          "yearInWeek": 7,
          "month": 10,
          "monthName": "X",
          "dayOfMonth": 4,
          "dayOfYear": 277,
          "dayOfWeek": 4,
          "dayName": "sabbath"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "tzolkin",
      "term": "tzolk'in",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the 260-day Maya ritual round, the count of days that names each day's character."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "13 numbers turn against 20 day-names simultaneously; both advance every day.",
        "13 × 20 = 260 unique combinations before the round repeats — about the length of human gestation, and the interval between zenith passages of the sun at Maya latitudes.",
        "the tzolk'in and the 365-day haab' realign only every 18,980 days: the Calendar Round of 52 years."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "kept by day-keepers (ajq'ij), a role still held today in the Guatemalan highlands — the 260-day count has run unbroken for over two thousand years.",
        "why record it: each day has a character and a patron; the count tells you what a day is for, not merely where it sits."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Tzolk'in — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolkʼin"
        },
        {
          "title": "Calendar Round — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_Round"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 600 bce",
        "event": "the 260-day count in use across Mesoamerica",
        "iso": {
          "year": -600,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3150 · jubilee 65 · week 2 · X/22",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3150,
          "jubilee": 65,
          "yearInJubilee": 14,
          "weekOfYears": 2,
          "yearInWeek": 7,
          "month": 10,
          "monthName": "X",
          "dayOfMonth": 22,
          "dayOfYear": 295,
          "dayOfWeek": 1,
          "dayName": "fourth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "haab",
      "term": "haab'",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Maya solar year of 365 days."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "18 months of 20 days, plus Wayeb' — five nameless days considered unlucky and dangerous.",
        "days within a month are numbered from 0, the 'seating' of the month, to 19.",
        "no leap day; the haab' drifts against the tropical year by about a day every four years, and the Maya simply let it drift."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "the agricultural and civil count of the Maya cities, paired with the tzolk'in in every dated inscription.",
        "why record it: to run the farming and tribute year, while the tzolk'in ran the ritual one."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Haab' — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haabʼ"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wayeb' — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayebʼ"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 550 bce",
        "event": "the 365-day vague year set beside the tzolk'in",
        "iso": {
          "year": -550,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3200 · jubilee 66 · week 3 · XII/24",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3200,
          "jubilee": 66,
          "yearInJubilee": 15,
          "weekOfYears": 3,
          "yearInWeek": 1,
          "month": 12,
          "monthName": "XII",
          "dayOfMonth": 24,
          "dayOfYear": 357,
          "dayOfWeek": 7,
          "dayName": "third day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "buddhist",
      "term": "buddhist era",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "a year count from the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, used in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Sri Lanka."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "BE = CE + 543 in the Thai civil form (the epoch is placed at 545/544 BCE).",
        "the Thai civil version uses Gregorian months and leap rules; the traditional forms are lunisolar with intercalary months and days."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "the era spread with Theravada Buddhism; Thailand fixed the civil form in 1912 and moved new year to 1 January in 1941.",
        "why record it: to date the world from the teacher's passing rather than from a king."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Buddhist calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Thai solar calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "543 bce · epoch",
        "event": "the parinirvāṇa taken as year one of the era",
        "iso": {
          "year": -543,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3208 · jubilee 66 · week 4 · I/2",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3208,
          "jubilee": 66,
          "yearInJubilee": 23,
          "weekOfYears": 4,
          "yearInWeek": 2,
          "month": 1,
          "monthName": "I",
          "dayOfMonth": 2,
          "dayOfYear": 2,
          "dayOfWeek": 2,
          "dayName": "fifth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "zoroastrian",
      "term": "yazdegerdi",
      "partOfSpeech": "adjective",
      "senses": [
        "of the Zoroastrian year counted from the accession of Yazdegerd III, last Sasanian king, in 632 CE."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "365 days exactly: 12 months of 30 days plus five Gatha days named for the hymns of Zarathustra.",
        "no leap day at all in the Shahanshahi variant, so the year slips one day forward against the sun every four years.",
        "each of the 30 days of a month has its own name and its own guardian; when day-name and month-name agree, the day is a feast."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "kept by the Parsis of India after the fall of the Sasanian empire; the Kadmi and Fasli variants differ by a month or by a leap rule.",
        "why record it: to hold on to the last royal era of a lost empire, uncorrected, as an act of continuity."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Zoroastrian calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Yazdegerd III — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdegerd_III"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 441 bce",
        "event": "the 365-day Young Avestan year adopted in the Achaemenid empire",
        "iso": {
          "year": -441,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3310 · jubilee 68 · week 4 · V/7",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3310,
          "jubilee": 68,
          "yearInJubilee": 27,
          "weekOfYears": 4,
          "yearInWeek": 6,
          "month": 5,
          "monthName": "V",
          "dayOfMonth": 7,
          "dayOfYear": 128,
          "dayOfWeek": 2,
          "dayName": "fifth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "lordofnight",
      "term": "lords of the night",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "nine deities who preside over the nights in turn, labelled G1 to G9 by epigraphers."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "a simple cycle of 9: the lord advances by one each day and repeats every nine days, running independently of every other count.",
        "the glyph appears in the Supplementary Series of Maya inscriptions, alongside lunar data."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "recorded by Maya scribes; a parallel nine-fold night cycle exists in the Aztec calendar.",
        "why record it: the night has an owner, and rites addressed to the wrong lord would fail."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Lords of the Night — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_the_Night"
        },
        {
          "title": "Supplementary Series — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplementary_Series"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 400 bce",
        "event": "the nine lords of the night enter the Maya day-count",
        "iso": {
          "year": -400,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3351 · jubilee 69 · week 3 · VI/28",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3351,
          "jubilee": 69,
          "yearInJubilee": 19,
          "weekOfYears": 3,
          "yearInWeek": 5,
          "month": 6,
          "monthName": "VI",
          "dayOfMonth": 28,
          "dayOfYear": 179,
          "dayOfWeek": 4,
          "dayName": "sabbath"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "enoch",
      "term": "enochian",
      "partOfSpeech": "adjective",
      "senses": [
        "of or belonging to the Book of Enoch, in particular the Astronomical Book (1 Enoch 72-82), the Book of the Courses of the Heavenly Luminaries.",
        "of the 364-day solar year revealed to Enoch by the angel Uriel and written down for the generations after him."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "364 days exactly: twelve months of 30 days, with one extra day added at the end of each of the four seasons — the days of remembrance (1 Enoch 75:1, 82:4-6).",
        "364 = 52 × 7, so the year contains a whole number of weeks; every date falls on the same weekday every year and the sabbath never moves.",
        "the sun rises and sets through six gates in the east and six in the west. it climbs from gate 4 at the spring equinox to gate 6 at the summer solstice, back down through gate 1 at the winter solstice, and returns — one gate per month, the full circuit in one year.",
        "no leap day is permitted. adding a day would break 364's divisibility by seven and move the sabbath, which is why 1 Enoch 80:2-6 condemns those who 'reckon by the moon'.",
        "the day begins at sunset."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "attributed to Enoch, seventh from Adam, taught by the angel Uriel; the Astronomical Book is the oldest layer of 1 Enoch, with Aramaic copies at Qumran from the 3rd century BCE.",
        "kept by the Qumran community, who dated their festivals by it against the lunar reckoning of the Jerusalem temple, and by the Book of Jubilees which uses the same year.",
        "canonical scripture to this day in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which is why the complete text survives only in Ge'ez.",
        "why record it: so that the feasts fall on the days heaven fixed for them, and not on days chosen by men."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Astronomical Book (1 Enoch 72-82) — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Book"
        },
        {
          "title": "1 Enoch, Charles translation (sacred-texts)",
          "url": "https://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Enoch calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Book of Enoch — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Enoch"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "source",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 300 bce",
        "event": "the Astronomical Book copied at Qumran — 364 days, six gates, given to Enoch by Uriel",
        "iso": {
          "year": -300,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3451 · jubilee 71 · week 3 · XI/1",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3451,
          "jubilee": 71,
          "yearInJubilee": 21,
          "weekOfYears": 3,
          "yearInWeek": 7,
          "month": 11,
          "monthName": "XI",
          "dayOfMonth": 1,
          "dayOfYear": 304,
          "dayOfWeek": 3,
          "dayName": "sixth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "jubilees",
      "term": "jubilees",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Book of Jubilees (Judea, c. 160 BCE), which retells Genesis and Exodus as a chronology of jubilee periods.",
        "a period of 49 years — seven weeks of years — after which land returns and debts are released."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "the same 364-day year as Enoch: 12 months of 30 days plus 4 days of remembrance closing each season.",
        "years are grouped in weeks of 7; seven weeks of years make one jubilee of 49 years.",
        "any date is written as jubilee · week · year · month · day, counted from creation.",
        "the day runs sunset to sunset; no intercalation is allowed."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "presented not as an invention but as dictation to Moses by the Angel of the Presence, read out of the heavenly tablets.",
        "Jubilees 8:1-4 names Keynan, who found the teaching of the Watchers carved in rock and copied it — the knowledge is transmitted, not authored.",
        "15 copies were found at Qumran; the complete text survives in Ge'ez and is scripture in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.",
        "why record it: to bind history to a fixed, unmovable frame in which the sabbath and the release of debts can never drift."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Book of Jubilees — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees"
        },
        {
          "title": "Book of Jubilees, Charles translation (sacred-texts)",
          "url": "https://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/jub/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Qumran calendrical texts — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "source",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 160 bce",
        "event": "the Book of Jubilees written down — dictation read out of the heavenly tablets",
        "iso": {
          "year": -160,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3592 · jubilee 74 · week 3 · IV/22",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3592,
          "jubilee": 74,
          "yearInJubilee": 15,
          "weekOfYears": 3,
          "yearInWeek": 1,
          "month": 4,
          "monthName": "IV",
          "dayOfMonth": 22,
          "dayOfYear": 113,
          "dayOfWeek": 1,
          "dayName": "fourth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "chinese",
      "term": "chinese calendar",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the lunisolar reckoning of China, whose months follow the true new moon and whose years are tied to the sun by the solar terms."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "each month begins on the day of the true (not mean) new moon at the meridian of 120°E.",
        "the year is divided into 24 solar terms, 15° of solar longitude apart; the twelve even terms are the zhongqi.",
        "a leap month is inserted whenever a lunation contains no zhongqi — roughly seven times in 19 years.",
        "years are also named in the sexagenary cycle of 60: ten heavenly stems paired with twelve earthly branches (the animals)."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "calculated by the imperial Bureau of Astronomy; issuing the calendar was a right of the emperor, and a wrong prediction of an eclipse was a political failure.",
        "why record it: to fix the agricultural year and the state rites, and to demonstrate the mandate of heaven."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Chinese calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Sexagenary cycle — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle"
        },
        {
          "title": "Solar term — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_term"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "104 bce",
        "event": "the Tàichū reform under Emperor Wu fixes the lunisolar calendar of the state",
        "iso": {
          "year": -104,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3648 · jubilee 75 · week 4 · VII/1",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3648,
          "jubilee": 75,
          "yearInJubilee": 22,
          "weekOfYears": 4,
          "yearInWeek": 1,
          "month": 7,
          "monthName": "VII",
          "dayOfMonth": 1,
          "dayOfYear": 183,
          "dayOfWeek": 1,
          "dayName": "fourth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "julian",
      "term": "julian (old style)",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the calendar of Julius Caesar, still used by several Orthodox churches for the fixed feasts; 'old style' dates are its dates."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "every fourth year is a leap year, without exception: mean year 365.25 days.",
        "that is about 11 minutes too long — one day every 128 years; the gap against the Gregorian calendar is now 13 days.",
        "months and their lengths are the ones still in use today."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE on the advice of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, ending a Roman year manipulated by pontiffs for political advantage.",
        "why record it: to take the calendar out of the hands of magistrates who lengthened years to keep their offices."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Julian calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Old Style and New Style dates — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "1 january 45 bce",
        "event": "Julius Caesar's reform begins — 365¼ days by decree",
        "iso": {
          "year": -45,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3707 · jubilee 76 · week 5 · IX/14",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3707,
          "jubilee": 76,
          "yearInJubilee": 32,
          "weekOfYears": 5,
          "yearInWeek": 4,
          "month": 9,
          "monthName": "IX",
          "dayOfMonth": 14,
          "dayOfYear": 256,
          "dayOfWeek": 4,
          "dayName": "sabbath"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "maya",
      "term": "long count",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Maya count of days elapsed since a mythological zero date, written in five positions."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "positions: b'ak'tun.k'atun.tun.winal.k'in — 1 k'in = 1 day, 20 k'in = 1 winal, 18 winal = 1 tun (360 days), 20 tun = 1 k'atun, 20 k'atun = 1 b'ak'tun (144,000 days).",
        "the count is purely additive: no leap rule, no correction, only days added to days.",
        "the zero date 13.0.0.0.0 corresponds to 11 August 3114 BCE under the GMT correlation (Julian day 584283), which is the correlation used here."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "carved by Maya scribes on stelae from at least the 1st century BCE to record accessions, wars and the ages of gods.",
        "why record it: to date any event, human or divine, on one unbroken scale — a king could be placed exactly against an event thousands of years earlier."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Mesoamerican Long Count calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Maya calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "36 bce",
        "event": "the earliest surviving Long Count date carved on stone",
        "iso": {
          "year": -36,
          "month": 12,
          "day": 8
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3717 · jubilee 76 · week 6 · IX/3",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3717,
          "jubilee": 76,
          "yearInJubilee": 42,
          "weekOfYears": 6,
          "yearInWeek": 7,
          "month": 9,
          "monthName": "IX",
          "dayOfMonth": 3,
          "dayOfYear": 245,
          "dayOfWeek": 7,
          "dayName": "third day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "ethiopic",
      "term": "ge'ez calendar",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Ethiopian calendar, sharing the Coptic structure but counting from its own incarnation era."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "13 months: 12 of 30 days plus Pagume of 5 or 6 days — 'thirteen months of sunshine'.",
        "leap year every fourth year without exception; new year (Enkutatash) falls on 11 or 12 September.",
        "the era is 7-8 years behind the Gregorian AD count because of a different calculation of the Annunciation."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "kept by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the same church that preserved Enoch and Jubilees in Ge'ez.",
        "why record it: an unbroken local reckoning that never accepted the Roman corrections."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Ethiopian calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Pagumē — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagumē"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "29 august 8 ce",
        "event": "the Ethiopian epoch — the incarnation, reckoned apart from Rome",
        "iso": {
          "year": 8,
          "month": 8,
          "day": 29
        },
        "at": "AT · am 3761 · jubilee 77 · week 6 · VII/17",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 3761,
          "jubilee": 77,
          "yearInJubilee": 37,
          "weekOfYears": 6,
          "yearInWeek": 2,
          "month": 7,
          "monthName": "VII",
          "dayOfMonth": 17,
          "dayOfYear": 199,
          "dayOfWeek": 3,
          "dayName": "sixth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "coptic",
      "term": "coptic",
      "partOfSpeech": "adjective",
      "senses": [
        "of the Egyptian Christian calendar, a direct continuation of the ancient Egyptian year, counted from the Era of the Martyrs."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "12 months of 30 days plus a short month (Nasie) of 5 days, or 6 in a leap year.",
        "every fourth year is a leap year with no century exception — the same drift as the Julian calendar, about one day in 128 years.",
        "the epoch is 29 August 284 CE, the accession of Diocletian; the year is marked AM, Anno Martyrum."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "kept by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria; the epoch commemorates the martyrs of Diocletian's persecution.",
        "why record it: to date the church's own time from its suffering, not from an emperor's glory."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Coptic calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Era of the Martyrs — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "29 august 284 ce",
        "event": "the Era of the Martyrs begins at the accession of Diocletian",
        "iso": {
          "year": 284,
          "month": 8,
          "day": 29
        },
        "at": "AT · am 4038 · jubilee 83 · week 3 · VI/27",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 4038,
          "jubilee": 83,
          "yearInJubilee": 20,
          "weekOfYears": 3,
          "yearInWeek": 6,
          "month": 6,
          "monthName": "VI",
          "dayOfMonth": 27,
          "dayOfYear": 178,
          "dayOfWeek": 3,
          "dayName": "sixth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "hebrew",
      "term": "hebrew calendar",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the lunisolar reckoning used in Jewish religious life: months follow the moon, years are kept in step with the sun by intercalation."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "months of 29 or 30 days follow the molad — the mean conjunction of the moon, fixed at 29d 12h 793 parts (1 hour = 1080 parts).",
        "19-year Metonic cycle: years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19 receive a thirteenth month, Adar I.",
        "four postponement rules (dehiyyot) shift Rosh Hashanah so that it never falls on Sunday, Wednesday or Friday, giving years of 353-355 or 383-385 days.",
        "the year number itself is the received creation count — this calendar displays it; it does not derive it.",
        "the day begins at sunset."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "fixed in its calculated form by Hillel II in the 4th century CE, replacing month declarations made by witnesses before the Sanhedrin.",
        "why record it: so a scattered people, unable to receive word from Jerusalem, could keep the same festivals on the same days."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Hebrew calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Molad — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molad"
        },
        {
          "title": "Hebrew calendar (Sefaria topic)",
          "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/topics/jewish-calendar"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 359 ce",
        "event": "Hillel II fixes the calculated lunisolar calendar; witnesses no longer declare the month",
        "iso": {
          "year": 359,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 4113 · jubilee 84 · week 7 · I/30",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 4113,
          "jubilee": 84,
          "yearInJubilee": 46,
          "weekOfYears": 7,
          "yearInWeek": 4,
          "month": 1,
          "monthName": "I",
          "dayOfMonth": 30,
          "dayOfYear": 30,
          "dayOfWeek": 2,
          "dayName": "fifth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "islamic",
      "term": "hijri",
      "partOfSpeech": "adjective",
      "senses": [
        "of the purely lunar Islamic calendar, counted from the hijra — the migration to Medina in 622 CE."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "12 lunar months of 29 or 30 days; 354 or 355 days a year, with no intercalation at all.",
        "the year therefore drifts backwards through the seasons by about 11 days a year, completing a full circuit in about 33 years.",
        "months traditionally begin at the first sighting of the crescent; the Umm al-Qura variant used here computes the month from the astronomical new moon at Mecca.",
        "the day begins at sunset."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "the epoch was set by the caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab around 638 CE, choosing the hijra rather than a birth or a reign as year one.",
        "why record it: Qur'an 9:36-37 forbids nasi', the intercalated month, so the year is left uncorrected by design."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Islamic calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Umm al-Qura calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_calendar"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "638 ce",
        "event": "the caliph ʿUmar sets the hijra as year one — no intercalation permitted",
        "iso": {
          "year": 638,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 4393 · jubilee 90 · week 5 · I/13",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 4393,
          "jubilee": 90,
          "yearInJubilee": 32,
          "weekOfYears": 5,
          "yearInWeek": 4,
          "month": 1,
          "monthName": "I",
          "dayOfMonth": 13,
          "dayOfYear": 13,
          "dayOfWeek": 6,
          "dayName": "second day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "japanese",
      "term": "nengō",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Japanese era name; a Gregorian date counted within the reign of the current emperor."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "the months and days are Gregorian since 1873; only the year is renumbered.",
        "the count restarts at 1 with each new era — Reiwa began 1 May 2019, so Gregorian year = 2018 + Reiwa year.",
        "the first year of an era is called gannen, not 'year 1'."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "eras were declared by the imperial court from 645 CE, originally changed at will after disasters or omens; since 1868 one era per reign.",
        "why record it: to date every event by the authority under which it happened."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Japanese era name — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name"
        },
        {
          "title": "Japanese calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_calendar"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "645 ce",
        "event": "the first era name, Taika, declared by the imperial court",
        "iso": {
          "year": 645,
          "month": 7,
          "day": 20
        },
        "at": "AT · am 4400 · jubilee 90 · week 6 · VIII/10",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 4400,
          "jubilee": 90,
          "yearInJubilee": 39,
          "weekOfYears": 6,
          "yearInWeek": 4,
          "month": 8,
          "monthName": "VIII",
          "dayOfMonth": 10,
          "dayOfYear": 222,
          "dayOfWeek": 5,
          "dayName": "first day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "byzantine",
      "term": "byzantine",
      "partOfSpeech": "adjective",
      "senses": [
        "of Byzantium or the Eastern Roman Empire and its church.",
        "of the Byzantine creation era, the anno mundi count used officially from 691 CE to 1453 and by Russia until 1700."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "the creation of the world is placed at 1 September 5509 BCE.",
        "the year runs from 1 September (the indiction), so: AM = CE + 5509 for September-December, and CE + 5508 for January-August.",
        "the months and leap rule are Julian.",
        "the epoch was chosen so that the count would be divisible by the 15-year indiction cycle and align the incarnation with year 5500."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "computed by Christian chronographers from the Septuagint ages of the patriarchs — which run longer than the Hebrew ones, hence 5509 rather than 3761.",
        "made the official imperial era by the Council in Trullo period and used across the Orthodox world; Peter the Great replaced it in Russia on 1 January 1700.",
        "why record it: taxation ran on the 15-year indiction, and the empire wanted one continuous count from creation to the present reign."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Byzantine calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Indiction — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiction"
        },
        {
          "title": "Anno Mundi — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "691 ce",
        "event": "the creation era formalised for the empire; the year opens on 1 september",
        "iso": {
          "year": 691,
          "month": 9,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 4446 · jubilee 91 · week 6 · XI/19",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 4446,
          "jubilee": 91,
          "yearInJubilee": 36,
          "weekOfYears": 6,
          "yearInWeek": 1,
          "month": 11,
          "monthName": "XI",
          "dayOfMonth": 19,
          "dayOfYear": 322,
          "dayOfWeek": 7,
          "dayName": "third day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "pawukon",
      "term": "pawukon",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Balinese 210-day ritual calendar, built from ten concurrent week-cycles."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "the year is 210 days: 30 named wuku of 7 days each.",
        "ten week-lengths run at once — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 days. the 3-day (triwara), 5-day (pancawara) and 7-day (saptawara) cycles are the ones that matter most.",
        "when particular cycles coincide, a holy day occurs: Kajeng-Kliwon every 15 days, Galungan every 210.",
        "the cycles of 4, 8 and 9 days do not divide 210, so they are patched with repeated days early in the year to keep them in phase."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "kept by Balinese Hindu priests and printed in the tika, a woven calendar chart read by every household.",
        "why record it: the calendar answers 'what kind of day is this' rather than 'how far are we through the year' — Bali also uses the Saka year for seasons."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Balinese calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Pawukon — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawukon"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 1000 ce",
        "event": "the 210-day Balinese cycle of concurrent weeks in use",
        "iso": {
          "year": 1000,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 4756 · jubilee 98 · week 1 · IV/8",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 4756,
          "jubilee": 98,
          "yearInJubilee": 3,
          "weekOfYears": 1,
          "yearInWeek": 3,
          "month": 4,
          "monthName": "IV",
          "dayOfMonth": 8,
          "dayOfYear": 99,
          "dayOfWeek": 1,
          "dayName": "fourth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "persian",
      "term": "solar hijri",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Iranian calendar, the most astronomically exact civil calendar in use; its year begins at the vernal equinox."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "Nowruz falls on the day whose noon at 52.5°E follows the instant of the March equinox — the year length is observed, not formulated.",
        "six months of 31 days, five of 30, and a final month of 29 or 30.",
        "leap years therefore follow an irregular 33-year pattern with no fixed rule; the error is under one second per year.",
        "the epoch is the hijra of 622 CE, counted in solar years."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "reformed in 1079 CE by a commission including Omar Khayyam under the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah; adopted as the Iranian civil calendar in 1925.",
        "why record it: to hold the new year to the actual return of spring rather than to an arithmetic approximation."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Solar Hijri calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Jalali calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalali_calendar"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "1079 ce",
        "event": "the Jalali reform under Omar Khayyam ties the year to the observed equinox",
        "iso": {
          "year": 1079,
          "month": 3,
          "day": 15
        },
        "at": "AT · am 4835 · jubilee 99 · week 5 · IX/28",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 4835,
          "jubilee": 99,
          "yearInJubilee": 33,
          "weekOfYears": 5,
          "yearInWeek": 5,
          "month": 9,
          "monthName": "IX",
          "dayOfMonth": 28,
          "dayOfYear": 270,
          "dayOfWeek": 4,
          "dayName": "sabbath"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "hawaiian",
      "term": "kaulana mahina",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Hawaiian moon calendar — literally 'the resting of the moon' — which counts nights, not days."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "each lunation is 29 or 30 named nights, from Hilo, the first thin crescent, to Muku, the dark.",
        "the nights are grouped in three anahulu of ten: hoʻonui (growing), poepoe (round), hoʻēmi (decreasing).",
        "twelve lunar months make the year; Makahiki, the season of Lono, opens with the rising of Makaliʻi (the Pleiades).",
        "each night prescribes its own work: which fish run, when to plant, when it is kapu to fish at all."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "held by kilo — observers — and by fishing and planting families; suppressed under colonisation and actively restored since the 1970s.",
        "why record it: the calendar is a fisheries and farming instrument, tuned to the moon because the fish and the tides are."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Kaulana Mahina (Hawaiian moon calendar)",
          "url": "https://www.hawaii.edu/malamalama/kaulana-mahina/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Hawaiian calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_calendar"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 1200 ce",
        "event": "the kaulana mahina — the moon nights named and kept for planting and fishing",
        "iso": {
          "year": 1200,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 4956 · jubilee 102 · week 1 · XII/14",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 4956,
          "jubilee": 102,
          "yearInJubilee": 7,
          "weekOfYears": 1,
          "yearInWeek": 7,
          "month": 12,
          "monthName": "XII",
          "dayOfMonth": 14,
          "dayOfYear": 347,
          "dayOfWeek": 4,
          "dayName": "sabbath"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "maori",
      "term": "maramataka",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Māori lunar calendar; literally 'the turning of the moon'."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "30 named nights per lunation, from Whiro (the dark, unlucky) through Rākaunui (the full moon) to Mutuwhenua.",
        "twelve months; the year opens with Matariki, the heliacal rising of the Pleiades in mid-winter (Pipiri).",
        "each night is rated for fishing, planting and gathering, and each iwi keeps its own local variant."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "kept by tohunga and by hapū, passed down orally and by observation of local waters; Matariki became a New Zealand public holiday in 2022.",
        "why record it: to know when to plant kūmara and when the fish will bite in this particular place."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Maramataka — Te Ara, Encyclopedia of New Zealand",
          "url": "https://teara.govt.nz/en/matariki-maori-new-year"
        },
        {
          "title": "Maramataka — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramataka"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "c. 1300 ce",
        "event": "the maramataka carried to Aotearoa and re-read against a new sky",
        "iso": {
          "year": 1300,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 5057 · jubilee 104 · week 2 · IV/17",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 5057,
          "jubilee": 104,
          "yearInJubilee": 10,
          "weekOfYears": 2,
          "yearInWeek": 3,
          "month": 4,
          "monthName": "IV",
          "dayOfMonth": 17,
          "dayOfYear": 108,
          "dayOfWeek": 3,
          "dayName": "sixth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "gregorian",
      "term": "gregorian",
      "partOfSpeech": "adjective",
      "senses": [
        "of the civil calendar in worldwide use, promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 as a correction of the Julian calendar."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "a year is a leap year if divisible by 4, except centuries, which must be divisible by 400 — 97 leap days per 400 years.",
        "mean year = 365.2425 days, against the tropical year of 365.2422 — an error of about one day in 3,030 years.",
        "the reform deleted ten days in October 1582 to return the spring equinox to 21 March.",
        "the day begins at midnight, a convention, not an observation."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "designed by Aloysius Lilius, refined by Christopher Clavius, decreed in the bull Inter gravissimas.",
        "why record it: so that Easter, computed from the equinox, would stop drifting into summer. adoption was political — Britain waited until 1752, Russia until 1918."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Gregorian calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Inter gravissimas — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_gravissimas"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "24 february 1582",
        "event": "the bull Inter gravissimas — ten days deleted from october to move the equinox back",
        "iso": {
          "year": 1582,
          "month": 2,
          "day": 24
        },
        "at": "AT · am 5340 · jubilee 109 · week 7 · V/27",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 5340,
          "jubilee": 109,
          "yearInJubilee": 48,
          "weekOfYears": 7,
          "yearInWeek": 6,
          "month": 5,
          "monthName": "V",
          "dayOfMonth": 27,
          "dayOfYear": 148,
          "dayOfWeek": 1,
          "dayName": "fourth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "julianday",
      "term": "julian day",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "a continuous count of days used by astronomers, with no months, no years and no calendar reform in it."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "day zero is 1 January 4713 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, at noon universal time.",
        "the count increments at noon, not midnight, so that a night of observation carries one number.",
        "any two dates can be subtracted directly; every calendar on this page is computed from this number.",
        "the epoch was chosen as the coincidence of three cycles — 28-year solar, 19-year Metonic and 15-year indiction — 7,980 years long."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "devised by Joseph Justus Scaliger in 1583 and named for his father Julius Caesar Scaliger, not for the Julian calendar.",
        "why record it: to compare observations made in different centuries under different, incompatible calendars."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Julian day — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day"
        },
        {
          "title": "Julian date converter (US Naval Observatory)",
          "url": "https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/JulianDate"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "1583 ce",
        "event": "Joseph Scaliger counts days in one unbroken line from 4713 bce",
        "iso": {
          "year": 1583,
          "month": 1,
          "day": 1
        },
        "at": "AT · am 5341 · jubilee 109 · week 7 · IV/4",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 5341,
          "jubilee": 109,
          "yearInJubilee": 49,
          "weekOfYears": 7,
          "yearInWeek": 7,
          "month": 4,
          "monthName": "IV",
          "dayOfMonth": 4,
          "dayOfYear": 95,
          "dayOfWeek": 4,
          "dayName": "sabbath"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "republican",
      "term": "républicain",
      "partOfSpeech": "adjective",
      "senses": [
        "of the French Republican calendar, decreed in 1793 to decimalise time and erase the church year."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "12 months of 30 days, each of three décades of ten days; the tenth day, décadi, replaced Sunday.",
        "five (or six) sansculottides close the year: Virtue, Genius, Labour, Opinion, Rewards, and in leap years Revolution.",
        "the epoch is 22 September 1792, the founding of the Republic; the leap rule shown here is the Romme rule, aligned with the Gregorian.",
        "every day of the year carries the name of a plant, animal or tool instead of a saint."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "designed by Charles-Gilbert Romme with the poet Fabre d'Églantine, who named the months; abolished by Napoleon on 1 January 1806.",
        "why record it: to make time itself republican — a calendar with no saints, no sabbath and no king."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "French Republican calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Republican_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Sansculottides — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansculottides"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "5 october 1793",
        "event": "the Convention decrees a decimal year; the week is abolished",
        "iso": {
          "year": 1793,
          "month": 10,
          "day": 5
        },
        "at": "AT · am 5552 · jubilee 114 · week 3 · IX/28",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 5552,
          "jubilee": 114,
          "yearInJubilee": 15,
          "weekOfYears": 3,
          "yearInWeek": 1,
          "month": 9,
          "monthName": "IX",
          "dayOfMonth": 28,
          "dayOfYear": 270,
          "dayOfWeek": 4,
          "dayName": "sabbath"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "indian",
      "term": "śaka",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the Indian national calendar, counted in the Saka era from 78 CE."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "the year begins on 22 March (21 March in leap years), the day after the vernal equinox.",
        "Chaitra has 30 days (31 in a leap year); the next five months have 31, the last six have 30.",
        "leap years follow the Gregorian rule applied to Saka year + 78."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "standardised by the Calendar Reform Committee under Meghnad Saha, adopted 22 March 1957.",
        "why record it: to replace some thirty regional calendars with one civil reckoning while keeping the ancient Saka year count."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Indian national calendar — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_national_calendar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Saka era — Wikipedia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka_era"
        }
      ],
      "frame": "artificial",
      "creation": {
        "civil": "22 march 1957",
        "event": "the Saka era adopted as India's national civil calendar",
        "iso": {
          "year": 1957,
          "month": 3,
          "day": 22
        },
        "at": "AT · am 5716 · jubilee 117 · week 5 · X/3",
        "atStamp": {
          "amYear": 5716,
          "jubilee": 117,
          "yearInJubilee": 32,
          "weekOfYears": 5,
          "yearInWeek": 4,
          "month": 10,
          "monthName": "X",
          "dayOfMonth": 3,
          "dayOfYear": 276,
          "dayOfWeek": 3,
          "dayName": "sixth day"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "artificialstage",
      "term": "𐤔Ð · stage",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "𐤔Ð stands for ARTIFICIAL: time made by men — at a place, on a date, by a named authority, for a stated reason.",
        "a stage is one jubilee of 49 years in which something was made. the stages are numbered forward, oldest first."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "each reckoning is stamped with its AT creation moment.",
        "the reckonings are sorted oldest to newest by that stamp.",
        "reckonings whose creation falls in the same jubilee share a stage; the stage number advances with each new jubilee."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "made time is signed: Caesar, Gregory, ʿUmar, Hillel, the Convention, the Bureau of Astronomy.",
        "why record it: to show that every one of these counts has an author, and therefore an interest."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "artificial — the making side of the clock",
          "url": "/"
        }
      ],
      "frame": null,
      "creation": null
    },
    {
      "key": "at",
      "term": "AT · artificial time",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "the 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ record of when a way of counting time entered the world.",
        "a civil moment — a decree, a reform, a text written down — restated in the one count that holds them all.",
        "every calendar on this clock is dated by the world it was born into, not by itself."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "take the moment the reckoning was made, decreed or first copied, at Jerusalem.",
        "count the days between that moment and the anchor of the 364-day year, in whichever direction they run.",
        "decompose the count literally — no intercalation, forward or backward: year of the world, jubilee of 49 years, week of years, month, day.",
        "write it as AT · am n · jubilee n · week n · month/day."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "kept by 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ, for Gęn'āxis, so that two calendars made a thousand years apart can be laid on one ruler.",
        "why record it: a calendar that cannot say when it began is asking to be believed rather than read."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "the machine-readable lexicon",
          "url": "/9780bd538f80c0383ec8860eccbcf626a0fedbd46d76d1b587ebd28c96d2a5b4"
        },
        {
          "title": "the 𐤔öņðęřlāńÐ time feed",
          "url": "https://timestamp.xn--yda.art/"
        }
      ],
      "frame": null,
      "creation": null
    },
    {
      "key": "sourcestage",
      "term": "Ð𐤔 · stage",
      "partOfSpeech": "noun",
      "senses": [
        "Ð𐤔 is 𐤔Ð written backwards: the mirror of the made. it marks time that was received rather than authored.",
        "a stage here counts outward from the origin — what was given first is stage Ø1, and the numbers run toward the present as the keeping of it, not the making of it."
      ],
      "algorithm": [
        "the stamp is the moment the reckoning was written down, not the moment it was given — the giving has no date in the record.",
        "the stages are grouped by jubilee exactly as on the artificial side, then read in the opposite sense: transmission, not construction."
      ],
      "keepers": [
        "Enoch is taught by Uriel; Keynan copies an inscription he did not carve; Jubilees is read out of tablets already written.",
        "why record it: so that what was handed down is not quietly filed as an invention."
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "unknown source — the received side of the clock",
          "url": "/"
        }
      ],
      "frame": null,
      "creation": null
    }
  ],
  "generated_at": "2026-09-03T03:09:27.819Z"
}